Grade 11 Biology — Comprehensive Review: Behavior, Homeostasis, Genetics, Reproduction, Ecology Flashcards

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Biotechnology

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Biotechnology uses biological systems, organisms, or derivatives to develop products and technologies by combining biology with engineering and information science. It spans medical, agricultural, and environmental applications.

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Homeostasis

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Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes, using sensors, a control center, and effectors. It relies mainly on negative feedback mechanisms to restore set points.

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Enzyme

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An enzyme is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst, lowering the activation energy of reactions to speed them up. Enzyme activity is influenced by temperature, pH, and inhibitors or activators.

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Denaturation

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Denaturation is the alteration of a protein's native structure (often by heat or extreme pH), which disrupts function and active sites. In enzymes, denaturation usually leads to loss of catalytic activity.

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Invertebrate

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An invertebrate is an animal without a vertebral column (backbone). This broad group includes insects, mollusks, and arthropods with diverse body plans and life histories.

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Vertebrate

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A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone and an internal skeletal support system, including classes such as fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. They typically exhibit complex organ systems.

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Biomimicry

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Biomimicry is designing technologies inspired by biological structures and processes to solve human problems. Examples include aerodynamic designs inspired by birds and strong fibers inspired by spider silk.

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Thermoregulation

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Thermoregulation is maintaining body temperature within functional limits using physiological and behavioral adaptations. Mechanisms include insulation, shivering, sweating, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation.

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Osmoregulation

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Osmoregulation is the control of water and solute balance in organisms, mainly via kidneys in vertebrates. Organisms may be **osmoconformers** or **osmoregulators** depending on environmental strategies.

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Insulin

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Insulin is a hormone that lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake and storage as glycogen. It is produced by pancreatic beta cells and is central to glucose homeostasis.

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Meiosis I

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Meiosis I is the first division in meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate, producing two haploid cells with sister chromatids still attached. Key features include crossing over in Prophase I and random homolog alignment in Metaphase I.

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Crossing Over

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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis, creating new allele combinations. It increases genetic variation among gametes.

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Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing a polypeptide from mRNA at the ribosome, using tRNAs to add amino acids in the sequence specified by codons. It follows transcription and completes the flow DNA → RNA → Protein.

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Law of Segregation

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Mendel's Law of Segregation states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation so each gamete carries only one allele for each gene. This explains how offspring receive one allele from each parent.

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Incomplete Dominance

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Incomplete dominance occurs when heterozygotes display an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygotes rather than one allele being completely dominant. Examples include flower color blending in some plants.

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Muscle Types

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The three muscle types are skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated), and smooth (involuntary, non-striated). Each type has distinct roles in movement, circulation, and organ function.

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Spermatogenesis

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Spermatogenesis is the meiotic process in testes that produces spermatozoa from spermatogonial stem cells, resulting in four haploid gametes per precursor cell. It occurs continuously after puberty in males.

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Ovulation

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Ovulation is the release of a mature egg (oocyte) from the ovary, typically triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH). It occurs around the mid-point of the menstrual cycle.

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Study Plan

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A study plan breaks topics into prioritized modules with scheduled practice and active review sessions. Use spaced repetition, active recall (flashcards and self-quizzing), and mix theory with diagram practice for mastery.

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Mastery Goal

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A mastery goal focuses on understanding material deeply rather than only achieving scores; it involves setting clear learning objectives, regular self-testing, and iterative review of weak areas. Tracking progress and adjusting study strategies supports steady improvement.