NUR 102 Review: Personality, COPD, Perfusion, Fractures & Osteoporosis — Flashcards and Quiz Flashcards

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Cluster A

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Cluster A personality disorders are odd or eccentric and include paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal types. Clients often demonstrate distrust, suspiciousness, unusual beliefs, and difficulty forming close relationships.

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Cluster B

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Cluster B includes dramatic, emotional, or erratic personality disorders such as antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic. These clients often display manipulative, attention-seeking, grandiose, or unstable interpersonal behaviors requiring firm limit-setting.

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Cluster C

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Cluster C disorders are anxious or fearful and include avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. These clients commonly present with insecurity, extreme dependency, and anxiety that benefit from therapies focused on independence and anxiety reduction.

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Splitting

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Splitting is a defense mechanism marked by black-and-white thinking where a person views others as all good or all bad. It commonly appears in certain personality disorders and can cause rapid shifts in interpersonal perception and relationships.

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Lithium Range

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Therapeutic serum range for lithium is generally 0.6-1.2 mEq/L. Toxicity risk increases with dehydration, hyponatremia, older age, and NSAID use, so monitoring levels and hydration is essential.

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Refeeding Syndrome

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Refeeding syndrome is a complication after reintroducing calories to severely malnourished patients, with hallmark hypophosphatemia occurring within about 2 days. Insulin shifts phosphate, potassium, and magnesium into cells, risking cardiac and metabolic disturbances.

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Fluoxetine (SSRI)

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Fluoxetine is an SSRI used for depression, anxiety, OCD, and some eating disorders; it may take 4–6 weeks to show effect. Key side effects include serotonin syndrome risk, sexual dysfunction, and gastrointestinal upset, and it should not be combined with St. John's Wort.

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COPD Definition

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COPD is a progressive obstruction of airways due to a combination of bronchoconstriction and chronic inflammation that irreversibly impairs lung function. It commonly includes features of chronic bronchitis and emphysema and is most often caused by long-term cigarette smoking.

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Chronic Bronchitis

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Chronic bronchitis is characterized by excessive bronchial mucus and a productive cough lasting ≥ 3 months in 2 consecutive years. It often results in copious sputum production and recurrent infections.

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Emphysema

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Emphysema involves destruction of alveolar walls, loss of elastic recoil, and enlargement of air spaces leading to air trapping. Clinically patients may present as 'pink puffers' with hyperinflation and dyspnea.

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Pursed-Lip Breathing

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Pursed-lip breathing helps prolong exhalation, prevent airway collapse, and reduce dyspnea in patients with COPD. Teach patients to inhale slowly through the nose and exhale through pursed lips for a longer count.

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Oxygen Use in COPD

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Oxygen therapy improves quality of life and survival in severe hypoxemia but must be used cautiously because it can blunt hypoxic drive in chronically hypercapnic patients. Monitor ABGs and pulse oximetry and titrate oxygen carefully.

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Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute and is normally about 5 to 6 liters. Adequate CO ensures tissue perfusion and depends on heart rate and stroke volume.

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Ejection Fraction

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Ejection fraction is the percentage of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat, typically 55–70%. EF helps assess systolic function and guides heart failure management.

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MONA No More

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MONA (morphine, oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin) is an outdated mnemonic; aspirin remains evidence-supported early for suspected MI. Oxygen and morphine are used selectively, and newer approaches prioritize safe, evidence‑based management.

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Normal Sinus Rhythm

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Normal sinus rhythm originates from the SA node with a rate of 60–100 bpm, regular rhythm, and a P wave before every QRS. Typical intervals include P wave 0.12–0.20 sec and QRS 0.06–0.10 sec.

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Fracture Types

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Fractures are breaks in bone and may be closed (skin intact) or open (skin broken), and can be traumatic or pathological. Management aims for realignment (reduction) and immobilization while preventing complications.

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Compartment Syndrome

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Acute compartment syndrome is increased pressure within a closed muscle compartment causing severe pain, neurovascular compromise, and risk of tissue necrosis. It is a surgical emergency often requiring fasciotomy.

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Osteoporosis Prevention

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Prevent osteoporosis by building peak bone mass before age 30, ensuring adequate calcium and vitamin D, performing weight-bearing exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol. These modifiable steps reduce fracture risk later in life.

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DEXA Scan

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A DEXA scan measures bone mineral density and helps diagnose osteoporosis and fracture risk. It is a primary diagnostic tool used to guide treatment decisions and monitor therapy efficacy.

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Active Recall

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Active recall is a study technique where you actively retrieve information from memory rather than passively re-reading notes. Using practice questions and flashcards improves retention and exam performance when used regularly.

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Spaced Repetition

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Spaced repetition schedules review of material at increasing intervals to strengthen long-term memory. Combining spaced repetition with active recall is an effective strategy for nursing exam preparation.

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Podcast Study Aid

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A study podcast provides concise audio summaries of key concepts allowing reinforcement during commutes or downtime. It complements active study by improving recall and reinforcing high-yield facts through repeated listening.

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Practice Questions

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Regularly completing practice questions helps identify knowledge gaps and familiarizes you with exam-style wording and time management. Review rationales for both correct and incorrect options to deepen understanding.